资源类型

期刊论文 1500

年份

2024 1

2023 58

2022 100

2021 97

2020 74

2019 101

2018 85

2017 83

2016 66

2015 85

2014 81

2013 63

2012 78

2011 71

2010 72

2009 48

2008 71

2007 84

2006 35

2005 24

展开 ︾

关键词

风险分析 9

分析 4

可持续发展 4

对策 4

影响因素 4

数值模拟 4

隧道 4

ANSYS 3

数值分析 3

裂缝 3

2035年 2

BNLAS 2

COVID-19 2

DX桩 2

HIV感染孕产妇 2

“一带一路” 2

专利分析 2

仿真 2

制造业 2

展开 ︾

检索范围:

排序: 展示方式:

Refined analysis of axi-symmetric circular cylinder in the axial magnetic field without ad hoc assumption

Baosheng ZHAO, Yang GAO, Yingtao ZHAO, Dechen ZHANG

《机械工程前沿(英文)》 2011年 第6卷 第3期   页码 318-323 doi: 10.1007/s11465-011-0232-0

摘要:

The refined theory for axi-symmetric magnetoelastic circular cylinder is deduced systematically and directly from linear magnetoelasticity theory. Based on the general solution of magnetoelastic equation and the Lur’e method, the refined theory yields the solutions for magnetoelastic circular cylinder without ad hoc assumptions. On the basis of the refined theory developed in the present study, solutions are obtained for magnetoelastic circular cylinder with homogeneous and non-homogenous boundary conditions, respectively. For the circular cylinder with homogeneous boundary conditions, the refined theory provides exact solutions that satisfy all of the governing equations. The exact solutions can be divided into three parts: the 2-orders equation, the transcendental equation, and the magnetic equation. In the case of non-homogenous boundary conditions, the approximate governing equations are accurate up to the high-order terms with respect to cylinder radius.

关键词: refined analysis     axially symmetric deformation     circular cylinder     Bessel’s function     axial magnetic field    

A refined risk explicit interval linear programming approach for optimal watershed load reduction withobjective-constraint uncertainty tradeoff analysis

Pingjian YANG,Feifei DONG,Yong LIU,Rui ZOU,Xing CHEN,Huaicheng GUO

《环境科学与工程前沿(英文)》 2016年 第10卷 第1期   页码 129-140 doi: 10.1007/s11783-014-0683-8

摘要: To enhance the effectiveness of watershed load reduction decision making, the Risk Explicit Interval Linear Programming (REILP) approach was developed in previous studies to address decision risks and system returns. However, REILP lacks the capability to analyze the tradeoff between risks in the objective function and constraints. Therefore, a refined REILP model is proposed in this study to further enhance the decision support capability of the REILP approach for optimal watershed load reduction. By introducing a tradeoff factor ( ) into the total risk function, the refined REILP can lead to different compromises between risks associated with the objective functions and the constraints. The proposed model was illustrated using a case study that deals with uncertainty-based optimal load reduction decision making for Lake Qionghai Watershed, China. A risk tradeoff curve with different values of was presented to decision makers as a more flexible platform to support decision formulation. The results of the standard and refined REILP model were compared under 11 aspiration levels. The results demonstrate that, by applying the refined REILP, it is possible to obtain solutions that preserve the same constraint risk as that in the standard REILP but with lower objective risk, which can provide more effective guidance for decision makers.

关键词: refined risk explicit interval linear programming     decision making     objective-constraint uncertainty tradeoff     aspiration level     Lake Qionghai Watershed    

Boundary conditions for axisymmetric piezoelectric cylinder

Baosheng ZHAO, Di WU, Xi CHEN

《机械工程前沿(英文)》 2013年 第8卷 第4期   页码 401-408 doi: 10.1007/s11465-013-0272-8

摘要:

For axisymmetric piezoelectric cylinder, the reciprocal theorem and the axisymmetric general solution of piezoelasticity are applied in a novel way to obtain the appropriate stress and mixed boundary conditions accurate to all orders for the cylinder of general edge geometry and loadings. A decay analysis technique developed by Gregory and Wan is converted into necessary conditions on the end-data of axisymmetric piezoelectric circular cylinder, and the rapidly decaying solution is established. The prescribed end-data of the circle cylinder must satisfy these conditions in order that they could generate a decaying state within the cylinder. When stress and mixed conditions are imposed on the end of cylinder, these decaying state conditions for the case of axisymmetric deformation of piezoelectric cylinder are derived explicitly. They are then used for the correct formulation of boundary conditions for the theory solution (or the interior solution) of axisymmetric piezoelectric cylinder. The results of the present paper enable us to establish a set of correct boundary conditions, most of which are obtained for the first time.

关键词: solid and structures     the axisymmetric deformation     the piezoelectric circular cylinder     the refined theory     Bessel’s Function    

Identification and assessment of environmental burdens of Chinese copper production from a life cycle perspective

Xiaolong SONG,Jianxin YANG,Bin LU,Bo LI,Guangyuan ZENG

《环境科学与工程前沿(英文)》 2014年 第8卷 第4期   页码 580-588 doi: 10.1007/s11783-013-0599-8

摘要: The environmental burdens of Chinese copper production have been identified and quantified in the context of typical technologies, materials supplies and environmental emissions by a life cycle approach. Primary and secondary copper production using copper ores and scraps, respectively, were analyzed in detail. The flash and bath smelting approaches and the recycling of copper scraps were selected as representative copper production processes. A quantitative analysis was also conducted to assess the influence of material transport distance in copper production. Life cycle assessment (LCA) results showed that resources depletion and human health contribute significantly to environmental burdens in Chinese copper production. In addition, the secondary copper production has dramatically lower environmental burdens than the primary production. There is no obvious distinction in overall environmental burdens in primary copper production by flash or bath smelting approach. However, resources depletion is lower and the damage to human health is higher for flash smelting approach. Ecosystem quality damage is slight for both approaches. Environmental burdens from the mining stage contribute most in all life cycle stages in primary copper production. In secondary copper production, the electrolytic refining stage dominates. Based on the life cycle assessment results, some suggestions for improving environmental performance were proposed to meet the sustainable development of Chinese copper industry.

关键词: copper production     environmental burden     life cycle assessment     refined copper    

Decreasing complexity of glucose time series derived from continuous glucose monitoring is correlated with deteriorating glucose regulation

《医学前沿(英文)》 2023年 第17卷 第1期   页码 68-74 doi: 10.1007/s11684-022-0955-9

摘要: Most information used to evaluate diabetic statuses is collected at a special time-point, such as taking fasting plasma glucose test and providing a limited view of individual’s health and disease risk. As a new parameter for continuously evaluating personal clinical statuses, the newly developed technique “continuous glucose monitoring” (CGM) can characterize glucose dynamics. By calculating the complexity of glucose time series index (CGI) with refined composite multi-scale entropy analysis of the CGM data, the study showed for the first time that the complexity of glucose time series in subjects decreased gradually from normal glucose tolerance to impaired glucose regulation and then to type 2 diabetes (P for trend < 0.01). Furthermore, CGI was significantly associated with various parameters such as insulin sensitivity/secretion (all P < 0.01), and multiple linear stepwise regression showed that the disposition index, which reflects β-cell function after adjusting for insulin sensitivity, was the only independent factor correlated with CGI (P < 0.01). Our findings indicate that the CGI derived from the CGM data may serve as a novel marker to evaluate glucose homeostasis.

关键词: complexity of glucose time series     continuous glucose monitoring     impaired glucose regulation     insulin secretion and sensitivity     refined composite multi-scale entropy    

Pull-through capacity of bolted thin steel plate

Zhongwei ZHAO, Miao LIU, Haiqing LIU, Bing LIANG, Yongjing LI, Yuzhuo ZHANG

《结构与土木工程前沿(英文)》 2020年 第14卷 第5期   页码 1166-1179 doi: 10.1007/s11709-020-0641-4

摘要: The loading capacity in the axial direction of a bolted thin steel plate was investigated. A refined numerical model of bolt was first constructed and then validated using existing experiment results. Parametrical analysis was performed to reveal the influences of geometric parameters, including the effective depth of the cap nut, the yield strength of the steel plate, the preload of the bolt, and shear force, on the ultimate loading capacity. Then, an analytical method was proposed to predict the ultimate load of the bolted thin steel plate. Results derived using the numerical and analytical methods were compared and the results indicated that the analytical method can accurately predict the pull-through capacity of bolted thin steel plates. The work reported in this paper can provide a simplified calculation method for the loading capacity in the axial direction of a bolt.

关键词: bolted thin steel plate     refined numerical model     loading capacity     nonlinear spring element     analytical method    

气候协同的区域空气质量精细化调控战略研究

吴志军,王志立,张强,陆克定,李歆,胡建林,郭松,邢佳,同丹,王德英,胡京南,雷宇,王书肖,龚山陵,胡敏,张小曳,贺克斌,张远航

《中国工程科学》 2022年 第24卷 第6期   页码 164-172 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2022.06.015

摘要:

开展气候协同的区域空气质量精细化调控研究,对推进我国空气质量持续改善、构建未来气候背景下多污染物协同减排路径、实现绿色可持续发展具有重大战略意义。本文分析了区域大气污染演变规律、多污染物相互作用机制、污染防治策略与控制技术成效,完成了多视角剖析与多技术相互印证的集成研究,阐明了多污染物非线性响应关系,并梳理形成了区域精细化调控技术体系;在探讨气候变化与大气污染相互影响的基础上,提炼了空气质量精细化调控技术路线,提出了中长期空气质量改善策略和路线图。研究建议,针对当前的大气复合污染特征,PM2.5与O3协同控制的核心在于大气氧化性调控,需要持续强化一次污染物减排,同时因时因地并结合气候气象条件开展VOCs和NOx协同的精细化减排;发挥“双碳”政策的推动作用,通过四大结构调整和低碳转型,实现多类型污染物的协同深度减排,达到PM2.5与O3浓度的同步下降。

《一、 前言》

一、 前言

“十三五”时期,我国以细颗粒物(PM2.5)为特征污染物的大气环境问题明显改善,但区域性臭氧(O3)污染问题凸显,污染程度、范围、持续时间均呈扩大趋势。以PM2.5为重心的控制策略,对于O3污染防控而言存在短板,因而大气污染精准防治面临瓶颈,空气质量持续改善难度有所增大。全球气候变暖对气象过程产生的影响加大了区域重污染的风险。例如,随着全球变暖的加剧,东亚冬季风减弱、东亚大槽变浅以及近地表大气增暖较快,导致了中低层大气更加稳定、污染扩散条件进一步恶化 [1]。因此,厘清气候、气象与大气污染的内在联系,对于推进我国空气质量持续改善、开展气候适宜的区域空气质量精细化调控至关重要。

在我国“双碳”战略目标提出后,应对气候变化上升为国家战略。当前,我国处于工业化、城市化进程的关键时期,偏重化石燃料的经济发展模式带来的高能源消耗,使得我国在全球气候变化背景下面临着极大的碳减排压力。大气污染物与温室气体排放具有同源性,实现碳中和与改善空气质量根本目标是一致的。近期大气污染防控和长期气候变化应对相结合,气候目标与环境改善目标相结合,构建未来气候背景下的多污染物协同减排路径,有助于积极应对大气污染和气候变化问题,实现绿色可持续发展。

本文针对气候变化条件下区域空气质量精细化调控的重大需求,客观分析区域大气污染演变规律、多污染物相互作用机制、污染防治策略与控制技术成效,阐明PM2.5、O3和气候变化的耦合机制,评估气候变化应对与大气污染防治的双向影响;提出区域空气质量调控路线图与跨学科、跨行业精细化治理体系,以期为国家中长期大气污染防治政策制定、大气污染防治发展方向等研究提供参考和启发。

《二、 区域大气PM和O污染成因与控制策略》

二、 区域大气PM2.5和O3污染成因与控制策略

《(一) PM和O污染特征及相关性》

(一) PM2.5和O3污染特征及相关性

《1. PM和O污染的总体态势》

1. PM2.5和O3污染的总体态势

从2015年到2020年,全国PM2.5年均浓度由50 μg/m3下降至33 μg/m3 [2,3]。PM2.5浓度大幅下降的同时,化学组分也发生了显著变化,无机盐和二次有机物等二次组分在PM2.5中占比不断增加,并且由“硫酸盐 ‒ 有机物”转向“硝酸盐 ‒ 有机物”为主导 [4],凸显了氮氧化物(NO)和挥发性有机物(VOCs)大气化学转化对PM2.5的显著影响。

同时,全国O3污染程度总体呈上升趋势,发生长时间大范围污染过程的频率也在增加。从全球尺度看,我国近年来地面O3浓度水平高于世界其他地区,且增长速度快 [5]。与2015年相比,2017—2020年各月O3超标天数增幅均十分显著,其中升幅最大的出现在夏秋季。目前,夏季O3污染已成为我国深化大气污染治理的难题。

《2. PM与O污染的时空差异与关联》

2. PM2.5与O3污染的时空差异与关联

全国PM2.5和O3浓度高值区具有较好的空间一致性,但发生的季节存在差异。在京津冀、苏皖鲁豫地区,PM2.5浓度高值出现在冬季,夏季在同一区域也出现O3浓度高值。说明了PM2.5和O3污染的空间一致性和同源性以及季节的差异性。

PM2.5与O3浓度的相关性呈明显的南北差异和季节性差异。PM2.5和O3在长江以南(北纬25°以南)以正相关为主,长江以北以负相关为主,部分地区也存在不相关 [5];夏季相关性显著高于冬季。NO2被认为是O3的潜在存在,通常用O3+NO2作为大气总氧化剂O来近似表征大气氧化能力。与O3相比,O与PM2.5之间的相关性更好,且没有显著的季节变化和空间差异 [6,7],受污染程度影响不大,印证了大气氧化性是O3和PM2.5污染的决定性因素。

《(二) PM和O污染成因及耦合机制》

(二) PM2.5和O3污染成因及耦合机制

近些年,我国大气污染特征发生明显改变:NO2/SO2比值、O3/PM2.5超标率比值、二次成分/PM2.5比值不断升高,高浓度O3和二次细颗粒物已经成为导致我国大气污染的核心污染物。同时,一次污染物NO、VOCs以及NH3等浓度仍居高位,多种污染物相互作用,多种污染类型叠加,多种过程相互耦合,多尺度污染相互影响,我国大气复合污染特征更为突出。因此,厘清大气氧化性的内涵、O3及二次细颗粒物的生成机制和主控因子,成为开展空气质量精准调控的关键。

《1. 大气氧化性的科学内涵》

1. 大气氧化性的科学内涵

在大气中,低氧化态物质通过各种过程逐步变为高氧化态,然后被地气交换过程清除。这种属性通常称为大气氧化性或大气自净能力,表现为自由基(OH、NO3、Cl等)和O3等氧化还原性物质的能力,主要用自由基浓度、OH去除速率和污染物去除速率来表征。

大气氧化性不仅与大气氧化剂浓度水平有关,更与污染物的活性水平有关,包括气相氧化、液相和非均相反应氧化过程。在我国复合污染大气条件下,无论在夏季还是冬季,均存在大气强氧化性,但表现特征存在显著的季节差异。在夏季,HONO、O3等光解的高强度自由基初级来源和自由基快速光化学循环放大能力共同维持了夏季大气强氧化性 [8],在冬季则是自由基快速去除速率和污染物复杂多相反应共同维持了冬季污染过程中大气的强氧化性 [9,10]。目前,已清楚地认识到大气氧化性的重要作用,但对大气氧化性科学内涵和定量表征的研究还十分薄弱,需选择典型区域开展更加深入全面的研究。

《2. 大气氧化性驱动的O和二次细颗粒物污染》

2. 大气氧化性驱动的O3和二次细颗粒物污染

光化学烟雾形成机制的基本原理已成为科学共识。NO2在太阳紫外光照射下光解生成O3,在OH-HO2自由基循环和NO2-NO循环的相互作用下,O3不断被累积,并将SO2、NO2和VOCs氧化,生成硫酸、硝酸和羰基化合物,随后生成二次细颗粒物。在此双循环相互作用中,HO自由基循环是大气氧化性的“动力和推进器”、NO是“催化剂”、VOCs是导致大气氧化能力增强的“燃料”,促使O3和二次细颗粒物同时生成。由此可见,O3和二次细颗粒物同根同源,也说明了二次污染特别是O3与NO和VOCs的非线性。近些年,在一些典型区域的研究中,发现卤素自由基化学和RO2氢转移化学都能一定程度提升O3的生成速率 [8,11],并可以完善模型对O3浓度的模拟。

通过梳理现有的二次细颗粒物生成的微观化学机制,发现气相光化学过程导致了夏秋季节严重的光化学烟雾污染;在冬季重霾污染期间,尽管影响二次细颗粒物污染成因的化学机制尚未完全明晰,涉及到复杂气相反应和多相反应过程 [12,13],但无论是哪种氧化机制,影响二次细颗粒物生成的主要氧化剂包括OH、NO3、H2O2、O3以及NO2等基本都来自气相氧化过程。综合考虑O3和二次细颗粒物生成机制,如图1所示,源自于气相化学过程的氧化剂推动了二次细颗粒物和O3的生成。由此可见,PM2.5和O3看似是两个独立的污染问题,实则是大气氧化性驱动的光化学污染的两种表现形式,具有同根同源性。以自由基为核心的大气氧化性源自NO和VOCs等多污染物在大气中的复杂气相光化学反应和多相反应过程,是二次细颗粒物和O3形成的核心驱动力。

《图1》

图1 大气氧化性,驱动二次污染生成

《3. 基于大气氧化性的多污染物协同控制》

3. 基于大气氧化性的多污染物协同控制

开展基于大气氧化性的多污染物防治策略主要是通过NO和VOCs等关键前体物非线性协同减排来实现,这是开展O3和PM2.5协同控制、实现空气质量持续改善的关键。开展基于大气氧化性调控的O3和PM2.5污染防治策略,其本质是要基于二次污染成因的科学认知通过多种污染物的协同减排有效降低驱动二次污染产生的大气氧化速率。因此,持续开展多种一次污染物的协同减排进而降低大气氧化速率是十分必要和关键的。对大气氧化性的调节,一方面,需要持续降低多类型一次污染物的排放;另一方面,需要制定VOCs和NO协同减排的科学策略。

由于二次污染物与NO和VOCs具有非线性关系,短期内单一降低NO浓度和排放可能无法达到有效减缓二次污染的效果,甚至可能导致O3污染不降反升;单独减排VOCs,可以实现O3污染逐步降低,并有助于二次有机气溶胶的控制,但VOCs排放源复杂,难以快速和有效减排。因此,制定VOCs、NO非线性协同减排科学策略,并与一次污染物(烟尘、扬尘、NH3等)的无悔减排相结合,形成基于大气氧化性的多污染物协同控制策略,可以使一次污染物和大气氧化剂协同下降,从而使得二次污染产生速率和污染潜势的削减事半功倍,实现PM2.5和O3同步下降的空气质量改善目标。

《(三) PM和O污染协同控制策略与区域实践》

(三) PM2.5和O3污染协同控制策略与区域实践

目前,我国PM2.5中一次源仍占一定比例,二次细颗粒物生成机制比较复杂且与前体物的非线性关系尚不十分清楚,当前控制策略主要是对一次污染的多污染物深度减排,并注重NO和VOCs协同减排,以有效遏制二次细颗粒物的生成。O3与前体物的非线性关系与污染过程有关,其不同尺度(全国、区域、城市)的分布特征也有差异,全国O3污染总体与NO密切相关,东部区域O3可能受NO和VOCs协同影响,城市O3污染主要处于VOCs控制区。因此,针对O3污染的多污染物协同防治总体策略是全国实施O3目标约束的多污染物总量控制、重点减排NO;区域和城市近期要强化VOCs减排兼顾NO,中长期要推进NO深度减排;在区域联防联控层面,推动区域一体化和城市差异化控制方案的无缝衔接,在城市层面,践行区域视野城市行动的科学减排和精准治理。

从发达国家和地区大气污染防治历程看,欧美等国家和地区实施多污染物达标为导向的污染控制策略,执行实现环境空气质量标准的多目标评价考核体系,实现了大气污染物排放和环境浓度整体上实现同步下降。通过梳理我国几大重点区域,包括京津冀及其周边、长三角、珠三角和成渝地区等近些年开展的污染防治策略和成效,可以发现,这些重点区域已经开展了以多污染物协同减排为主线的大气污染防治总体策略,也充分考虑臭氧污染生成机制的地域和季节性差异、区域外传输和区域内各城市的相互影响,取得了PM2.5和O3污染的持续改善。实践证明多污染物、多目标协同控制策略是我国重点区域PM2.5和O3协同防控的有效方法。

《三、 气候变化与区域复合污染双向影响与调控策略》

三、 气候变化与区域复合污染双向影响与调控策略

《(一) 气候变化与大气污染趋势的关系》

(一) 气候变化与大气污染趋势的关系

《1. 全球变暖对大气污染长期变化的影响》

1. 全球变暖对大气污染长期变化的影响

在全球变暖背景下,东亚冬季风减弱、东亚大槽变浅以及近地表大气增暖较快导致中低层大气更加稳定,导致污染扩散条件恶化[1]。将以全球变暖为特点的气候变化的年代际和年际变化与局地PM2.5污染气象状况建立定量联系,发现全球变暖会导致不利气象条件更容易出现。

气候年代际变暖对我国重点地区PM2.5污染长期变化趋势有影响,但没有起到主导作用。以北京为例,从年代际变化趋势上看,1960—2017年受气候变暖影响的不利气象条件(PLAM)转差30%,而同期PM2.5增加约3.6倍,表明污染排放依然是主因 [1]。但从年际尺度看,与不利气象条件密切相关的上下层温差、北风风速等存在较大的年际震荡,导致PLAM指数存在较大的年际波动,说明不同年份单是气象条件变化就会引起大气污染显著变化。

《2. 气象因素对大气污染变化的影响》

2. 气象因素对大气污染变化的影响

中国不同地区大气污染变化的主导气象因子有所差别。例如,在中国东北、华北平原和四川盆地等重度污染区域,风速和湿度对PM2.5浓度的变化有很大影响。在长三角和珠三角,除了风速和湿度外,降水是另一个主导的气象因素。不同时段气象因子对大气污染变化的贡献也有所差别。基于PLAM指数的变化分析发现,2013—2017年,在京津冀和长三角PM2.5浓度的下降中约有13%和20%是由气象因素造成 [14]。

气象条件变化对近年臭氧污染增加影响显著。多元线性回归方程的分析表明,从2013—2020年北京地区O3浓度增加了9.6%,其中气象变化使臭氧增加了18%,减排措施使其减少了8.4%。上海、西安、武汉、成都、广州、长春等地结果的分析均表明,气象变化主导了O3浓度的长期变化,而污染物排放变化的影响相对较弱。

《(二) 气象条件与大气污染相互作用机制》

(二) 气象条件与大气污染相互作用机制

气象条件与大气污染之间存在“双向反馈效应”。在排放可视为基本不变时段,例如一年的冬季,PM2.5污染的出现是源于出现了以区域气团稳定和水汽凝结率高为特征的不利气象条件,表现在边界层高度通常下降到平时的约60% [15,16],PM2.5水平和垂直方向的扩散被抑制,浓度不断攀升。当PM2.5浓度超过一定阈值后,PM2.5污染会进一步加剧恶化边界层气象条件,使边界层高度进一步下降,从而使PM2.5浓度在短时间至少增加一倍,触发显著的不利气象条件和累积的颗粒物污染之间的“双向反馈效应”(见图2)。

《图2》

图2 气候年代际变暖对局地气溶胶污染影响的概念图 [1

通过深入分析我国不同霾区不利气象条件与PM2.5污染累积的双向反馈机制,发现累积的污染导致气象条件转差的反馈作用主导了大多数PM2.5浓度爆发性增长。一般情况下,污染越重的区域,双向反馈越强。华北平原、关中平原及东北平原地区双向反馈强度高于湖南、湖北、长三角及珠三角地区。受累积的气溶胶影响,污染物浓度越高降温越显著,越贴近地面降温越显著。在以上地区,气象条件转差的反馈作用解释了累积阶段中PM2.5爆发性上升约60%~70%现象。值得注意的是前体物的高排放是造成大气污染的根本原因,持续减排才能降低污染的程度并减小不利气象反馈的频率和强度。

《(三) 空气质量改善对气候变化的协同效应》

(三) 空气质量改善对气候变化的协同效应

结合MODIS和MISR卫星观测数据以及MERRA-2再分析数据的分析表明,自2006年开始中国东部平均的大气气溶胶光学厚度已呈现显著下降趋势,从而增加中国地表向下的太阳辐射通量 [17,18]。基于中国气象局国家气象信息中心均一化处理后的站点观测数据的分析显示,2006年左右中国地表太阳辐射趋势发生年代际反转,开始了一个上行的趋势。2006—2019年,晴空条件下中国平均地表向下太阳辐射通量的趋势达到+10 W/m2/decade(超过99%的信度水平)。气候模式的模拟结果也表明,2006—2014年中国人为气溶胶排放减少导致中国东部年均有效辐射强迫增加0.7 W/m2,特别是夏季平均的有效辐射强迫增加2.5 W/m2,年均表面空气温度增加0.18 ℃[18]。

随着温室气体强迫主导下的表面温度持续升高,极端天气气候事件的发生将更频繁、强度更强。未来大气污染程度的下降会进一步加剧温室效应导致的全球变暖,从而增加中国尤其是东部高污染区极端天气气候事件的风险。对于不同的极端降水指数,未来人为气溶胶减排造成的陆地平均极端降水随全球平均表面增暖的增加率是温室气体强迫影响的2~4倍,尤其是像中国东部高污染区,气溶胶强迫造成的极端降水的增加率可达到温室气体强迫影响的近十倍 [19,20]。在代表性浓度路径RCP8.5(Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5)下,在2031—2050年(2081—2100年)气溶胶排放减少引起的中国区域平均的不同极端温度和极端降水指数的增加分别占总增加的23%(14%)和32%(30%)以上 [21]。

《四、 区域空气质量调控路线图与跨学科治理体系》

四、 区域空气质量调控路线图与跨学科治理体系

《(一) 现行大气污染防治策略成效评估与关键问题识别》

(一) 现行大气污染防治策略成效评估与关键问题识别

《1. 现行大气污染防治措施实施成效》

1. 现行大气污染防治措施实施成效

《蓝天保卫战三年行动计划》(以下简称《三年行动计划》)实施以来,我国主要大气污染物排放总量进一步下降,减排效果显著。中国工程院组织开展的《三年行动计划》实施效果评估结果显示,2020年全国SO2、NO、一次PM2.5、VOCs和NH3排放量与2015年相比分别下降了55%、16%、32%、8%和13%,超额完成“十三五”大气污染物减排约束性指标。污染物减排使得全国、京津冀及周边地区、长三角地区和汾渭平原地区PM2.5平均浓度分别下降5.2 μg/m3、10.4 μg/m3、7.4 μg/m3和11.5 μg/m3

对全国PM2.5浓度下降贡献最为显著的措施包括农村清洁取暖、非电行业治理和燃煤锅炉整治。由于产业结构和污染源结构存在差异,各项措施在三大重点区域发挥的作用不同,在京津冀及周边地区,对PM2.5平均浓度下降贡献较大的前三项措施依次为农村清洁取暖、非电行业治理和扬尘综合治理,在长三角地区依次为非电行业治理、燃煤锅炉整治和农村清洁取暖。在汾渭平原地区依次为农村清洁取暖、非电行业治理和扬尘综合治理。

《2. 大气污染防治关键问题识别》

2. 大气污染防治关键问题识别

2013年起《大气污染防治行动计划》《三年行动计划》的实施起到了倒逼发展模式转变的积极作用 [22]。梳理归纳“十三五”以来大气污染防治措施实施过程中的经验与薄弱环节,我国大气污染防治仍面临以下关键问题:① PM2.5和O3协同防控能力有待进一步提升,2013年以来全国PM2.5空气质量整体呈改善趋势,但臭氧污染呈上升趋势;② 大气污染物排放控制存在薄弱环节,NO、NH3下降乏力,VOCs控制推进不力;③ 非重点区域大气治理工作相对滞后,污染防治形势严峻,苏皖鲁豫交界地区、湖南等非重点区域大气治理工作稍显滞后,污染程度居高不下;④ 大气污染分时段防控重点不够突出,尤其是夏季以臭氧为重点的大气污染防控形式严峻;⑤ 结构调整未取得根本性突破,协同控制温室气体与大气污染物面临挑战,亟需通过结构调整进一步释放大气污染物协同削减潜力。

《(二) PM和O协同治理的空气质量精细化调控路线图》

(二) PM2.5和O3协同治理的空气质量精细化调控路线图

空气质量精细化调控路线图设计首先需要定量PM2.5与O3协同治理对不同前体污染物、行业部门和区域排放的响应关系,明确实现空气质量达标的减排需求。基于多污染物非线性响应模型对京津冀及周边地区“2+26”城市的模拟表明 [23],一次PM2.5排放对PM2.5浓度贡献最显著,其次是NH3、NO、VOCs排放,SO2排放的贡献最小。对于O3,一次PM2.5、SO2、NH3排放变化对O3影响很小,而VOCs与NO排放变化对O3的影响很大。从行业部门来看,工业、民用、农业部门对PM2.5浓度贡献最显著,而工业和交通部门对O3浓度贡献最大。分析“2+26”城市PM2.5与O3对区域排放的响应发现,PM2.5以本地源排放为主,区域内贡献占比为52%~85%,区域外贡献为11%~41%,背景浓度贡献为4%~10%。而O3的背景浓度贡献较大,占比44%~56%,区域外与区域内均有一定贡献,分别为10%~43%与0~40%。

综上所述,PM2.5与O3协同治理需构建多污染物多介质跨行业的精细化调控路线图。如以“2+26”城市为例(见图3),以2030年实现碳达峰为约束,调整大气污染物及排放相关行业的控制重点,以VOCs为重点,兼顾NO减排,实施VOCs重大减排工程,强化钢铁、平板玻璃、水泥、电解铝等非电行业和交通领域NO治理,2017—2030年“2+26城市”NO、SO2、NH3、VOCs和一次PM2.5将分别减排23%~37%、19%~37%、43%~55%、48%~67%和29%~43% [23]。优化能源、产业和交通结构及控制能源消费总量的以NO为重点的减排政策对“2+26”城市PM2.5和O3空气质量达标均有重要贡献,PM2.5和O3浓度平均可降低约8 µg/m3和12 µg/m3 [24],而尽早强化VOCs控制可以确保NO减排对降低PM2.5和O3浓度的有效性。同时,夏季臭氧污染形势严峻,由于夏季自然源VOCs排放较高,O3对VOCs的敏感性降低、对NO的敏感性增加,在VOCs强化措施的基础上进一步降低区域NO排放有利于降低O3峰值浓度。因此,NO深度减排是实现京津冀及周边“2+26”城市PM2.5和O3达标的关键,而近期强化VOCs减排将带来巨大的环境效益。同时,冬季应强化VOC和NO协同控制,夏季应强化NO减排。相较于末端措施,2030年后的结构调整举措的效果更明显。

《图3》

图3 “2+26”城市的中短期空气质量精细化调控路线示意图

《(三) 双碳目标下中长期PM和O协同治理》

(三) 双碳目标下中长期PM2.5和O3协同治理

双碳目标的提出为统筹大气污染防治与温室气体减排指明了方向,为中长期空气质量深度改善注入了全新动能。情景分析结果表明,仅通过强化末端治理,全国PM2.5平均暴露水平在2030年下降至26.0 µg/m3。在此基础上通过加强源头治理,重点推进电力系统的可再生低碳转型以及主要工业行业的产量达峰,在实现2030年碳达峰的同时,全国主要污染物相较2020年可减少26%(NO),一次PM2.5下降45% [25,26]。全国的PM2.5平均暴露水平可从2020年的33 µg/m3进一步下降至24.7 µg/m3,达到了世界卫生组织年均PM2.5第二阶段过渡目标(25 µg/m3) [27],全国O3日最大8 h第90百分位数浓度可从2020年的136 µg/m3下降至121 µg/m3 [27]。通过进一步加速民用散煤替代、重工业行业与交通部门的终端电气化进程,在2025年实现提前达峰的同时,全国PM2.5平均暴露水平到2030年可进一步降低至22.2 µg/m3,相较2020年下降33.7%;对比2030年碳达峰额外实现了2.5 µg/m3(10.1%)的PM2.5协同改善。

2030年后,持续强化末端治理对污染改善的贡献潜力大幅收窄,如不采取积极的低碳结构转型,2060年全国PM2.5平均暴露水平仅可下降至22.0 µg/m3,较2030年的26.0 µg/m3下降了15%,仍分别超出世界卫生组织年均PM2.5第四阶段过渡目标(10 µg/m3)和PM2.5指导值(5 µg/m3)的1.2倍和3.4倍 [27]。碳中和目标下的深度低碳转型将是中国实现空气质量根本性好转的关键动力源泉。在碳中和目标约束下,如推动电力系统深度低碳结构转型,民用燃煤在21世纪中叶全部退出,工业化石能源消费占比大幅下降,在深度低碳转型与加严污染治理的双重作用下,2060年全国PM2.5平均暴露水平将下降至7.6 µg/m3,达到世界卫生组织PM2.5第四阶段过渡目标,并且接近世界卫生组织PM2.5指导值 [27]。同时,全国O3日最大8 h第90百分位数浓度可达到93 µg/m3,337座城市O3年评价值全面达到我国现行空气质量标准 [28],空气污染问题得到根本性改善。

《五、 结论与建议》

五、 结论与建议

《(一) 主要结论》

(一) 主要结论

(1)目前,我国以二次细颗粒物和O3为核心污染物的大气复合污染特征更为突出。从化学机制看,二次细颗粒物和O3同根同源,是大气氧化性驱动光化学污染(二次污染)的两种表现形式,因此亟待建立基于大气氧化性的多污染物协同防控技术体系,推进大气污染精准化治理,加速空气质量改善和助力碳达峰、碳中和。

(2)气候年代际变暖对我国重点地区PM2.5污染长期变化趋势存在影响,气象条件变化对O3污染趋势的影响显著。在排放稳定时段不利气象条件是PM2.5污染和重污染出现的必要外部条件,可以形成累积的污染与不利气象条件之间的显著双向反馈效应。

(3)基于大气氧化性的多污染物协同控制战略,其核心是要科学推进二次污染前体物的强力减排,以降低大气氧化速率为核心,实现O3和PM2.5浓度同步下降;针对当前污染态势和污染特征,近期应采取VOCs为重点兼顾NO的减排策略以遏制O3污染恶化态势,中远期应强化NO的深度减排以加速O3浓度达标,并助力PM2.5持续下降。

(4)《大气污染防治行动计划》和《三年行动计划》实现了主要污染物排放和环境浓度大幅度下降,形成了强力末端减排、错峰生产限产和民用能源清洁化多污染物跨行业的大气污染防治技术体系;在重污染天气应对和典型区域PM2.5和O3协同治理过程中,初步形成了多污染物多介质跨行业的空气质量精细化调控模式、路线图和分阶段控制重点,评估了减污降碳的协同成效。

(5)碳达峰 ‒ 强化治污情景和提前达峰情景可实现额外的污染物减排,推动空气质量进一步改善。2030年以后,污染末端治理的减排空间大幅收窄,只有实施与碳中和相适应的深度低碳转型和加严污染治理才能在实现碳中和目标的同时保持污染物排放的进一步下降,2060年全国PM2.5平均暴露水平可下降至7.6 µg/m3,337座城市O3年评价值达到我国现行空气质量标准。

《(二) 对策建议》

(二) 对策建议

在我国当前的大气复合污染特征下,PM2.5与O3协同控制的核心是大气氧化性调控,既需要持续强化各类一次污染物的减排,更重要的是要因时因地结合气候气象条件开展VOCs和NO协同的精细化减排。在此过程中,需要充分发挥双碳政策的推动作用,通过四大结构调整和低碳转型,实现多类型污染物的协同深度减排,从而达到PM2.5与O3浓度的同步下降。具体建议如下。

一是加强PM2.5与O3协同防治的基础科学研究,完善与发展阶段相适应的环境空气质量标准,构建多污染物协同的空气质量评价体系和考核办法。

二是在双碳背景下,统筹PM2.5与O3污染协同治理,制定空气质量根本改善与碳达峰、碳中和深度融合的科学规划,建立并完善减污降碳的协同机制和实施路线图。

三是在双碳政策背景下,大力释放四大结构调整的污染减排潜力,深化污染源末端治理,实施挥发性有机物国家减排重大工程,推动污染物排放总量快速下降。

四是在气候持续变暖背景下,影响空气污染的不利气象条件总体呈转差趋势,应设置合理的“十四五”空气质量改善目标,开展基于气象条件的区域大气污染过程精细化控制。

关键词: 大气污染;PM2.5;臭氧;气候变化;空气质量改善    

Decomposition analysis applied to energy and emissions: A literature review

《工程管理前沿(英文)》   页码 625-639 doi: 10.1007/s42524-023-0270-4

摘要: Decomposition analysis has been widely used to assess the determinants of energy and CO2 emissions in academic research and policy studies. Both the methodology and application of decomposition analysis have been largely improved in the past decades. After more than 50 years’ developments, decomposition studies have become increasingly sophisticated and diversified, and tend to converge internally and integrate with other analytical approaches externally. A good understanding of the literature and state of the art is critical to identify knowledge gaps and formulate future research agenda. To this end, this study presents a literature survey for decomposition analysis applied to energy and emission issues, with a focus on the period of 2016–2021. A review for three individual decomposition techniques is first conducted, followed by a synthesis of emerging trends and features for the decomposition analysis literature as a whole. The findings are expected to direct future research in decomposition analysis.

关键词: index decomposition analysis     structural decomposition analysis     production decomposition analysis     energy     CO2 emissions    

Flow, thermal, and vibration analysis using three dimensional finite element analysis for a flux reversal

B. VIDHYA,K. N. SRINIVAS

《能源前沿(英文)》 2016年 第10卷 第4期   页码 424-440 doi: 10.1007/s11708-016-0423-9

摘要: This paper presents the simulation of major mechanical properties of a flux reversal generator (FRG) viz., computational fluid dynamic (CFD), thermal, and vibration. A three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA) based CFD technique for finding the spread of pressure and air velocity in air regions of the FRG is described. The results of CFD are mainly obtained to fine tune the thermal analysis. Thus, in this focus, a flow analysis assisted thermal analysis is presented to predict the steady state temperature distribution inside FRG. The heat transfer coefficient of all the heat producing inner walls of the machine are evaluated from CFD analysis, which forms the main factor for the prediction of accurate heat distribution. The vibration analysis is illustrated. Major vibration sources such as mechanical, magnetic and applied loads are covered elaborately which consists of a 3D modal analysis to find the natural frequency of FRG, a 3D static stress analysis to predict the deformation of the stator, rotor and shaft for different speeds, and an unbalanced rotor harmonic analysis to find eccentricity of rotor to make sure that the vibration of the rotor is within the acceptable limits. Harmonic analysis such as sine sweep analysis to identify the range of speeds causing high vibrations and steady state vibration at a mode frequency of 1500 Hz is presented. The vibration analysis investigates the vibration of the FRG as a whole, which forms the contribution of this paper in the FRG literature.

关键词: flux reversal generator     air velocity     computation fluid dynamics     thermal analysis     vibration analysis     finite element analysis    

Review of sentiment analysis: An emotional product development view

《工程管理前沿(英文)》   页码 592-609 doi: 10.1007/s42524-022-0227-z

摘要: Conveying consumers’ specific emotions in new products, referred to as emotional product development or emotional design, is strategically crucial for manufacturers. Given that sentiment analysis (SA) can extract and analyze people’s opinions, sentiments, attitudes, and perceptions regarding different products/services, SA-based emotional design may provide manufacturers with real-time, direct, and rapid decision support. Despite its considerable advancements and numerous survey and review articles, SA is seldom considered in emotional design. This study is among the first efforts to conduct a thorough review of SA from the view of emotional design. The comprehensive review of aspect-level SA reveals the following: 1) All studies focus on extracting product features by mixing technical product features and consumers’ emotional perceptions. Consequently, such studies cannot capture the relationships between technical and emotional attributes and thus cannot convey specific emotions to the new products. 2) Most studies use the English language in SA, but other languages have recently received more interest in SA. Furthermore, after conceptualizing emotion as Kansei and introducing emotional product development and Kansei Engineering, a review of the data-driven emotional design is then conducted. A few efforts start to study emotional design with the help of SA. However, these studies only focus on either analyzing consumers’ preferences on product features or extracting emotional opinions from online reviews, thus cannot realize data-driven emotional product development. Finally, some research opportunities are provided. This study opens a broad door to aspect-level SA and its integration with emotional product development.

关键词: sentiment analysis     emotion     product development     Kansei Engineering    

Jack up reliability analysis: An overview

Ahmad IDRIS, Indra Sati Hamonangan HARAHAP, Montasir Osman Ahmed ALI

《结构与土木工程前沿(英文)》 2018年 第12卷 第4期   页码 504-514 doi: 10.1007/s11709-017-0443-5

摘要: Jack up is a mobile unit used for oil and gas exploration and production in offshore fields. On demand, the unit is moved and installed in a given location and used for a period up to 12 months before being un-installed and moved to another location. Due to its mobility and re-usability, when the unit is offered for use in a given offshore location, its suitability in terms of safe operation is evaluated in accordance with the guidelines of Site Specific Assessment (SSA) of jack up. When the unit failed safety assessment criteria, the guideline recommended that it is re-assessed by increasing the complexity of the assumptions and methods used. Reliability analysis theories are one of the frameworks recommended for the safety assessment of the units. With recent developments in uncertainty and reliability analysis of structures subject to stochastic excitation, this study aims at providing a review on the past developments in jack up reliability analysis and to identify possible future directions. The results from literature reviewed shows that failure probabilities vary significantly with analysis method used. In addition, from the variants of reliability analysis approach, the method of time dependent reliability for dynamic structures subject to stochastic excitation have not been implemented on jack ups. Consequently, suggestions were made on the areas that need further examination for improvement of the efficiency in safety assessment of the units using reliability theories.

关键词: jack up     reliability analysis     uncertainty analysis     review of jack up    

Systems biomedical analysis of Schistosoma japonicum

Ze-Guang HAN MD,

《医学前沿(英文)》 2010年 第4卷 第2期   页码 157-165 doi: 10.1007/s11684-010-0034-5

摘要: Human schistosomiasis, caused mainly by three principal species including , , and , remains a major public health concern worldwide. is prevalent in southern China, being a major disease risk for 66 million people. The blood fluke has a complex life cycle for survival: as a free-living form in fresh water and as a parasite in the snail intermediate and vertebrate definitive hosts. Systems-based biomedical analyses, including genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabonomic approaches, have been performed on the schistosome. These comprehensive investigations have not only characterized the genomic features but also chartered gene and protein expression profiles across genders and developmental stages. The integration of the huge information will lay a global and solid foundation for the molecular architecture of the biology, pathogenesis, and host-parasite interactions of the human blood fluke, which will facilitate the development of a new antischistosomal vaccine and drugs as well as diagnostic markers for the treatment and control of schistosomiasis.

关键词: Schistosoma japonicum     systems biomedical analysis    

Numerical analysis and experimental investigation of modal properties for the gearbox in wind turbine

Pengxing YI,Peng HUANG,Tielin SHI

《机械工程前沿(英文)》 2016年 第11卷 第4期   页码 388-402 doi: 10.1007/s11465-016-0404-z

摘要:

Wind turbine gearbox (WTG), which functions as an accelerator, ensures the performance and service life of wind turbine systems. This paper examines the distinctive modal properties of WTGs through finite element (FE) and experimental modal analyses. The study is performed in two parts. First, a whole system model is developed to investigate the first 10 modal frequencies and mode shapes of WTG using flexible multi-body modeling techniques. Given the complex structure and operating conditions of WTG, this study applies spring elements to the model and quantifies how the bearings and gear pair interactions affect the dynamic characteristics of WTGs. Second, the FE modal results are validated through experimental modal analyses of a 1.5 WM WTG using the frequency response function method of single point excitation and multi-point response. The natural frequencies from the FE and experimental modal analyses show favorable agreement and reveal that the characteristic frequency of the studied gearbox avoids its eigen-frequency very well.

关键词: wind turbine gearbox     modal analysis     finite element analysis     modal frequency     bearing equivalence    

Isogeometric analysis of coupled thermo-elastodynamic problems under cyclic thermal shock

Asghar AMANI DASHLEJEH

《结构与土木工程前沿(英文)》 2019年 第13卷 第2期   页码 397-405 doi: 10.1007/s11709-018-0473-7

摘要: The isogeometric analysis (IGA) method was extended for the solution of the coupled thermo-elastodynamic equations. The dimensionless formulation was accepted in discretization of the uncoupled and coupled thermoelasticity equations and the Generalized Newmark method was used in the time integration procedure. First, the performance of the proposed method was verified against a two-dimensional benchmark example subjected to constant thermal shock with available exact analytical solutions. Then a two-dimensional half-space benchmark example under thermal shock was solved. Finally, cyclic thermal shock (CTS) loading was applied on the half-space problem. The results dedicated that IGA can be used as a suitable approach in the analysis of the general thermomechanical problems.

关键词: isogeometric analysis     coupled thermo-elastodynamic     dynamic analysis     generalized newmark     cyclic thermal shock    

A dimensional analysis on asphalt binder fracture and fatigue cracking

Qian ZHAO, Zhoujing YE

《结构与土木工程前沿(英文)》 2018年 第12卷 第2期   页码 201-206 doi: 10.1007/s11709-017-0402-1

摘要: Fracture and fatigue cracking in asphalt binder are two of most serious problems for pavement engineers. In this paper, we present a new comprehensive approach, which consists both of dimensional analysis using Buckingham Theorem and -integral analysis based on classic fracture mechanics, to evaluate the fracture and fatigue on asphalt binder. It is discovered that the dimensional analysis could provide a new perspective to analyze the asphalt fracture and fatigue cracking mechanism.

关键词: Dimensional analysis     asphalt     fracture     fatigue cracking    

标题 作者 时间 类型 操作

Refined analysis of axi-symmetric circular cylinder in the axial magnetic field without ad hoc assumption

Baosheng ZHAO, Yang GAO, Yingtao ZHAO, Dechen ZHANG

期刊论文

A refined risk explicit interval linear programming approach for optimal watershed load reduction withobjective-constraint uncertainty tradeoff analysis

Pingjian YANG,Feifei DONG,Yong LIU,Rui ZOU,Xing CHEN,Huaicheng GUO

期刊论文

Boundary conditions for axisymmetric piezoelectric cylinder

Baosheng ZHAO, Di WU, Xi CHEN

期刊论文

Identification and assessment of environmental burdens of Chinese copper production from a life cycle perspective

Xiaolong SONG,Jianxin YANG,Bin LU,Bo LI,Guangyuan ZENG

期刊论文

Decreasing complexity of glucose time series derived from continuous glucose monitoring is correlated with deteriorating glucose regulation

期刊论文

Pull-through capacity of bolted thin steel plate

Zhongwei ZHAO, Miao LIU, Haiqing LIU, Bing LIANG, Yongjing LI, Yuzhuo ZHANG

期刊论文

气候协同的区域空气质量精细化调控战略研究

吴志军,王志立,张强,陆克定,李歆,胡建林,郭松,邢佳,同丹,王德英,胡京南,雷宇,王书肖,龚山陵,胡敏,张小曳,贺克斌,张远航

期刊论文

Decomposition analysis applied to energy and emissions: A literature review

期刊论文

Flow, thermal, and vibration analysis using three dimensional finite element analysis for a flux reversal

B. VIDHYA,K. N. SRINIVAS

期刊论文

Review of sentiment analysis: An emotional product development view

期刊论文

Jack up reliability analysis: An overview

Ahmad IDRIS, Indra Sati Hamonangan HARAHAP, Montasir Osman Ahmed ALI

期刊论文

Systems biomedical analysis of Schistosoma japonicum

Ze-Guang HAN MD,

期刊论文

Numerical analysis and experimental investigation of modal properties for the gearbox in wind turbine

Pengxing YI,Peng HUANG,Tielin SHI

期刊论文

Isogeometric analysis of coupled thermo-elastodynamic problems under cyclic thermal shock

Asghar AMANI DASHLEJEH

期刊论文

A dimensional analysis on asphalt binder fracture and fatigue cracking

Qian ZHAO, Zhoujing YE

期刊论文